Energy Transfer

1. Forms of Energy

• Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy stored due to the motion of the object

Where  m  is mass and  v  is velocity.

• Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to position in a force field.

• Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE):Energy stored due to position in a gravitational force field.

GPE = mgh

Where  m  is mass and  h  is height.

• Elastic Potential Energy: Energy stored in object due to the change in its shape

Where  k  is the spring constant and  x  is the displacement from equilibrium.

2. Conservation of Energy

The principle of conservation of energy:

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed from one form to another.

3. Power and Work

• Work Done (W): the product of the force and displacement in the direction of the force

Where  F  is force,  d  is displacement, and  \theta  is the angle between force and displacement.

Deriving Gravitational Potential Energy

Deriving Kinetic Energy

• Power (P): The Rate of energy transfer or work done.

Where  t  is time and  v  is velocity when force acts along motion.

4. Efficiency

• Efficiency: ratio of (useful) output energy of a machine to the input energy